Methods are needed to predict and prevent potential invasive behaviour of GMOs released into the environment, especially for new types of GMOs, and if already relevant, for products ensuing from synthetic biology or other new genetic modification techniques. In order to allow coexistence of different forms of culture and to avoid potential negative effects of transgenes on the wild environment, research is also needed to develop reliable methods to predict and reduce the probability of transfers of genetic material from transgenic organisms.

There is also a need to adapt and, if necessary develop methodologies in order to monitor and coordinate data on potential unforeseen effects of GMOs, not only on individual species but also on community structures of the ecosystem, after their deliberated release and commercialisation. In order to pursue objective 4c.7, case-by-case monitoring of potentially adverse effects on biodiversity as a result of the introduction of GMO cultures in Belgium should be undertaken. If risk evaluation and monitoring methods are already suggested by the guidelines of the strongest world biosafety regulations like those of the EU, the implementation of such guidelines should be seriously and completely pursued in a professional and transparent way.

As such GMO risk evaluations need to consider different ecosystems and agro- ecosystems as well as various species, including non-targets species, and especially those that are of particular relevance such as biological indicator species, or that play a specific role in the ecosystem (earthworms, mycorrhizal fungi associated with roots, etc.). Better risk assessments on GMOs and avoidance of negative impacts on human health and the environment must be ensured to contribute to the Aichi objectives.

Furthermore, as encouraged by Article 26 of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, extensive socio-economic studies on the impacts of GMO cultures introduction in Belgium and elsewhere in the world should in particular be undertaken (link with Objectives 4c.7, 4d.3, 4f.4, 5.8, and 6). Capacity building on biosecurity can and should be integrated into development plans with partner countries.